Check system hard disk info

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#check users
[root@localhost ~]# w
[root@localhost ~]# du -h
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem               Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs                 898M     0  898M   0% /dev
tmpfs                    910M   12K  910M   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs                    910M  9.6M  901M   2% /run
tmpfs                    910M     0  910M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/centos-root  8.0G  3.0G  5.1G  38% /
/dev/sda1               1014M  161M  854M  16% /boot
tmpfs                    182M     0  182M   0% /run/user/0
[root@localhost ~]# free
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:        1863032      727184      400824       31376      735024      952520
Swap:       1048572           0     1048572
[root@localhost ~]# free -m
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           1819         709         391          30         717         930
Swap:          1023           0        1023
[root@localhost ~]# free -g
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:              1           0           0           0           0           0
Swap:             0           0           0
[root@localhost ~]# uname -a
Linux localhost.localdomain 3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Mon Oct 19 16:18:59 UTC 2020 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo 
processor	: 0
vendor_id	: GenuineIntel
cpu family	: 6
model		: 60
model name	: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4720HQ CPU @ 2.60GHz
stepping	: 3
microcode	: 0x28
cpu MHz		: 2594.009
cache size	: 6144 KB
physical id	: 0
siblings	: 2
core id		: 0
cpu cores	: 2
apicid		: 0
initial apicid	: 0
fpu		: yes
fpu_exception	: yes
cpuid level	: 13
wp		: yes
flags		: fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon nopl xtopology tsc_reliable nonstop_tsc eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm invpcid_single ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 invpcid xsaveopt arat md_clear spec_ctrl intel_stibp flush_l1d arch_capabilities
bogomips	: 5188.01
clflush size	: 64
cache_alignment	: 64
address sizes	: 45 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

processor	: 1
vendor_id	: GenuineIntel
cpu family	: 6
model		: 60
model name	: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4720HQ CPU @ 2.60GHz
stepping	: 3
microcode	: 0x28
cpu MHz		: 2594.009
cache size	: 6144 KB
physical id	: 0
siblings	: 2
core id		: 1
cpu cores	: 2
apicid		: 1
initial apicid	: 1
fpu		: yes
fpu_exception	: yes
cpuid level	: 13
wp		: yes
flags		: fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon nopl xtopology tsc_reliable nonstop_tsc eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm invpcid_single ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 invpcid xsaveopt arat md_clear spec_ctrl intel_stibp flush_l1d arch_capabilities
bogomips	: 5188.01
clflush size	: 64
cache_alignment	: 64
address sizes	: 45 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/meminfo 
MemTotal:        1863032 kB
MemFree:          401056 kB
MemAvailable:     952816 kB
Buffers:            2108 kB
Cached:           691208 kB
SwapCached:            0 kB
Active:           807736 kB
Inactive:         399240 kB
Active(anon):     515132 kB
Inactive(anon):    29904 kB
Active(file):     292604 kB
Inactive(file):   369336 kB
Unevictable:           0 kB
Mlocked:               0 kB
SwapTotal:       1048572 kB
SwapFree:        1048572 kB
Dirty:                 8 kB
Writeback:             0 kB
AnonPages:        513784 kB
Mapped:           118772 kB
Shmem:             31376 kB
Slab:             113032 kB
SReclaimable:      41816 kB
SUnreclaim:        71216 kB
KernelStack:        5504 kB
PageTables:        13868 kB
NFS_Unstable:          0 kB
Bounce:                0 kB
WritebackTmp:          0 kB
CommitLimit:     1980088 kB
Committed_AS:    2058616 kB
VmallocTotal:   34359738367 kB
VmallocUsed:      183168 kB
VmallocChunk:   34359310332 kB
Percpu:            35328 kB
HardwareCorrupted:     0 kB
AnonHugePages:    346112 kB
CmaTotal:              0 kB
CmaFree:               0 kB
HugePages_Total:       0
HugePages_Free:        0
HugePages_Rsvd:        0
HugePages_Surp:        0
Hugepagesize:       2048 kB
DirectMap4k:       98176 kB
DirectMap2M:     1998848 kB
DirectMap1G:           0 kB
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000b00b0

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *        2048     2099199     1048576   83  Linux
/dev/sda2         2099200    20971519     9436160   8e  Linux LVM

Disk /dev/mapper/centos-root: 8585 MB, 8585740288 bytes, 16769024 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/mapper/centos-swap: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk partitions & Physical Devices & File system

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# Hard disk (HDD/SDD)
[root@localhost ~]# ls /
bin   dev  home  lib64  mnt  proc  run   srv  tmp  var
boot  etc  lib   media  opt  root  sbin  sys  usr
[root@localhost ~]# ls /dev/
agpgart          initctl             sda2      tty23  tty48   urandom
autofs           input               sg0       tty24  tty49   usbmon0
block            kmsg                sg1       tty25  tty5    usbmon1
bsg              log                 shm       tty26  tty50   usbmon2
btrfs-control    loop-control        snapshot  tty27  tty51   vcs
bus              mapper              snd       tty28  tty52   vcs1
cdrom            mcelog              sr0       tty29  tty53   vcs2
centos           mem                 stderr    tty3   tty54   vcs3
char             midi                stdin     tty30  tty55   vcs4
console          mqueue              stdout    tty31  tty56   vcs5
core             net                 tty       tty32  tty57   vcs6
cpu              network_latency     tty0      tty33  tty58   vcsa
cpu_dma_latency  network_throughput  tty1      tty34  tty59   vcsa1
crash            null                tty10     tty35  tty6    vcsa2
disk             nvram               tty11     tty36  tty60   vcsa3
dm-0             oldmem              tty12     tty37  tty61   vcsa4
dm-1             port                tty13     tty38  tty62   vcsa5
dmmidi           ppp                 tty14     tty39  tty63   vcsa6
dri              ptmx                tty15     tty4   tty7    vfio
fb0              pts                 tty16     tty40  tty8    vga_arbiter
fd               random              tty17     tty41  tty9    vhci
full             raw                 tty18     tty42  ttyS0   vhost-net
fuse             rfkill              tty19     tty43  ttyS1   vmci
hidraw0          rtc                 tty2      tty44  ttyS2   zero
hpet             rtc0                tty20     tty45  ttyS3
hugepages        sda                 tty21     tty46  uhid
hwrng            sda1                tty22     tty47  uinput
[root@localhost ~]# ls -l /dev/sd?
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 0 Mar 29 22:18 /dev/sda
[root@localhost ~]# ls -l /dev/sd??
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 1 Mar 29 22:18 /dev/sda1
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 2 Mar 29 22:18 /dev/sda2

# you can search these: primary partition, extension partition, logical partition. Swap partition. Guide partition (/boot), root partition
[root@localhost ~]# free -m
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           1819         712         388          30         718         928
Swap:          1023           0        1023
[root@localhost ~]# ls /boot
config-3.10.0-1160.15.2.el7.x86_64
config-3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64
efi
grub
grub2
initramfs-0-rescue-83de7518e79f4ea59f6b23046e70c006.img
initramfs-3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64.img
initramfs-3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64kdump.img
symvers-3.10.0-1160.15.2.el7.x86_64.gz
symvers-3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64.gz
System.map-3.10.0-1160.15.2.el7.x86_64
System.map-3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64
vmlinuz-0-rescue-83de7518e79f4ea59f6b23046e70c006
vmlinuz-3.10.0-1160.15.2.el7.x86_64
vmlinuz-3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64

Char device, partition device, dd command

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#parted /gparted
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000b00b0

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *        2048     2099199     1048576   83  Linux
/dev/sda2         2099200    20971519     9436160   8e  Linux LVM

Disk /dev/mapper/centos-root: 8585 MB, 8585740288 bytes, 16769024 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/mapper/centos-swap: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
[root@localhost ~]# parted -l
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 10.7GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags: 

Number  Start   End     Size    Type     File system  Flags
 1      1049kB  1075MB  1074MB  primary  xfs          boot
 2      1075MB  10.7GB  9663MB  primary               lvm


Model: Linux device-mapper (linear) (dm)
Disk /dev/mapper/centos-swap: 1074MB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: loop
Disk Flags: 

Number  Start  End     Size    File system     Flags
 1      0.00B  1074MB  1074MB  linux-swap(v1)


Model: Linux device-mapper (linear) (dm)
Disk /dev/mapper/centos-root: 8586MB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: loop
Disk Flags: 

Number  Start  End     Size    File system  Flags
 1      0.00B  8586MB  8586MB  xfs


Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system).  /dev/sr0
has been opened read-only.
Model: NECVMWar VMware IDE CDR10 (scsi)                                   
Disk /dev/sr0: 1020MB
Sector size (logical/physical): 2048B/2048B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags: 

Number  Start  End     Size    Type     File system  Flags
 2      909kB  37.0MB  36.0MB  primary
[root@localhost ~]# gparted

# char device, partition device (I/O)
[root@localhost ~]# ls -l /dev/tty?
crw--w----. 1 root tty 4, 0 Mar 29 22:18 /dev/tty0
crw--w----. 1 root tty 4, 1 Mar 29 22:20 /dev/tty1
crw--w----. 1 root tty 4, 2 Mar 29 22:18 /dev/tty2
crw--w----. 1 root tty 4, 3 Mar 29 22:18 /dev/tty3
crw--w----. 1 root tty 4, 4 Mar 29 22:18 /dev/tty4
crw--w----. 1 root tty 4, 5 Mar 29 22:18 /dev/tty5
crw--w----. 1 root tty 4, 6 Mar 29 22:18 /dev/tty6
crw--w----. 1 root tty 4, 7 Mar 29 22:18 /dev/tty7
crw--w----. 1 root tty 4, 8 Mar 29 22:18 /dev/tty8
crw--w----. 1 root tty 4, 9 Mar 29 22:18 /dev/tty9
# /dev/zero is a file that if you read from it, you will only get binary 0's
[root@localhost ~]# ls -l /dev/zero
crw-rw-rw-. 1 root root 1, 5 Mar 29 22:18 /dev/zero

# partition device (512 bytes to 32 kB)
[root@localhost ~]# ls -l /dev/sda?
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 1 Mar 29 23:16 /dev/sda1
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 2 Mar 29 23:16 /dev/sda2

# dd
# backup the device
[root@localhost ~]# dd if=/dev/sda1 of=backup
2097152+0 records in
2097152+0 records out
1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB) copied, 7.21811 s, 149 MB/s
[root@localhost ~]# ls -l backup
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1073741824 Mar 29 23:30 backup
[root@localhost ~]# dd if=/dev/zero bs=5M count=10 of=aFile
10+0 records in
10+0 records out
52428800 bytes (52 MB) copied, 0.0528909 s, 991 MB/s
[root@localhost ~]# dd if=/dev/zero bs=5M count=10 seek=20 of=bFile
10+0 records in
10+0 records out
52428800 bytes (52 MB) copied, 0.0339967 s, 1.5 GB/s
[root@localhost ~]# ls -lh aFile
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 50M Mar 29 23:32 aFile
[root@localhost ~]# du -h aFile
50M	aFile
[root@localhost ~]# ls -lh bFile
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 150M Mar 29 23:33 bFile
[root@localhost ~]# du -h bFile
100M	bFile

# what is diff between ls and du
[root@localhost ~]# echo -n 1 > 1B.txt
[root@localhost ~]# ls -l 1B.txt 
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1 Mar 29 23:40 1B.txt
[root@localhost ~]# du -h 1B.txt 
4.0K	1B.txt

Hardware and mount/umount commands

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# mount command -t for designated file system types, -a file systems in /etc/fstab
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sda1 /backup
mount: mount point /backup does not exist
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /backup
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sda1 /backup
[root@localhost ~]# ls
1B.txt  anaconda-ks.cfg  bFile     wordpress
aFile   backup           name.txt  wordpress-5.4.zip
[root@localhost ~]# ls /backup/
config-3.10.0-1160.15.2.el7.x86_64
config-3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64
efi
grub
grub2
initramfs-0-rescue-83de7518e79f4ea59f6b23046e70c006.img
initramfs-3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64.img
initramfs-3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64kdump.img
symvers-3.10.0-1160.15.2.el7.x86_64.gz
symvers-3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64.gz
System.map-3.10.0-1160.15.2.el7.x86_64
System.map-3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64
vmlinuz-0-rescue-83de7518e79f4ea59f6b23046e70c006
vmlinuz-3.10.0-1160.15.2.el7.x86_64
vmlinuz-3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem               Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs                 898M     0  898M   0% /dev
tmpfs                    910M   12K  910M   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs                    910M  9.6M  901M   2% /run
tmpfs                    910M     0  910M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/centos-root  8.0G  4.2G  3.9G  52% /
/dev/sda1               1014M  161M  854M  16% /boot
tmpfs                    182M     0  182M   0% /run/user/0

# /etc/fstab
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab 
# umount --> just un-mount
[root@localhost ~]# umount /backup/
[root@localhost ~]# ls /backup/

Add hard disk devices and swap partition

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[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
p --> show partition infot
n p --> add a new primary partition
w
# add a new Linux file system, you can see available system types below
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.
mkfs.btrfs   mkfs.ext2    mkfs.ext4    mkfs.xfs     
mkfs.cramfs  mkfs.ext3    mkfs.minix  
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb1
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /newFS
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /newFS/
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
[root@localhost ~]# free -m
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
[root@localhost ~]# ls -l /dev/sd??
[root@localhost ~]# partprobe
[root@localhost ~]# mkswap /dev/sdb2
[root@localhost ~]# swapon /dev/sdb2
[root@localhost ~]# free -m
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab
# add the following things
/dev/sdb1 /newFS xfs defaults 0 0 
/dev/sdb2 swap swap defaults  0 0
[root@localhost ~]# reboot

Set disk volume: quota

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[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab 
# change the following
UUID=056fdc81-4fc7-4212-9b6b-348c2d2f11c9 /boot                   xfs     defaults,uquota        0 0
[root@localhost ~]# reboot
[root@localhost ~]# mount | grep boot
[root@localhost ~]# useradd thomas
[root@localhost ~]# chmod -Rf o+w /boot
[root@localhost ~]# ls -dl /boot/
[root@localhost ~]# quota

# xfs_quota
[root@localhost ~]# xfs_quota -x -c 'limit bsoft=4m bhard=7m isoft=5 ihard=9 thomas' /boot 
[root@localhost ~]# xfs_quota -x -c report /boot
[root@localhost ~]# su - thomas
[root@localhost ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/boot/thomas bs=6M count=1
[root@localhost ~]# ls -l /boot/thomas
#edquota: edit quota
[root@localhost ~]# su -
[root@localhost ~]# edquota -u thomas
# set a uplimit and try the following command see if it works
[root@localhost ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/boot/thomas bs=8M count=1
[root@localhost ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/boot/thomas bs=11M count=1